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The term Great Patriotic War ((ロシア語:Вели́кая Оте́чественная война́), ''Velíkaya Otéchestvennaya voyná''〔(アゼルバイジャン語:Бөјүк Вәтән мүһарибәси); (ベラルーシ語:Вялікая Айчынная вайна); (エストニア語:Suur Isamaasõda); (アルメニア語:Մեծ Հայրենական պատերազմ); (グルジア語:დიდი სამამულო ომი); (カザフ語:Ұлы Отан соғысы); (キルギス語:Улуу Ата Мекендик согуш); (リトアニア語:Didysis Tėvynės karas); (ラトビア語:Lielais Tēvijas karš); ; (タジク語:Ҷанги Бузурги Ватанӣ); (トルクメン語:Бейик Ватанчылык уршы); (タタール語:Бөек Ватан сугышы), (ウクライナ語:Велика Вітчизняна війна, ''Velyka Vitchyznyana viyna''); (ウズベク語:Улуғ Ватан уруши)〕) is used in Russia and other former republics of the Soviet Union (except for the ones who later joined NATO) to describe the conflict fought during the period from 22 June 1941 to 9 May 1945 along the many fronts of the Eastern Front of World War II between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany and its allies. The Great Patriotic War is commemorated on 11 May 1945 so as to also include the end of the Prague Offensive.〔(Federal Law № 5-ФЗ, 12 January 1995, "On Veterans" )〕 ==History== The term "Patriotic War" refers to the Russian resistance to the French invasion of Russia under Napoleon I, which became known as the ''Patriotic War of 1812''. In Russian, the term "отечественная война" originally referred to a war on one's own territory (''inside'' ''otechestvo'', "the fatherland"), as opposed to a campaign abroad (''заграничная война''),〔For example, one of the books published shortly after the war was titled "Письма русского офицера о Польше, Австрийских владениях, Пруссии и Франции, с подробным описанием похода Россиян противу Французов в 1805 и 1806 году, также отечественной и заграничной войны с 1812 по 1815 год..." (Fyodor Glinka, Moscow, 1815–1816; the title was translated as "Letters of a Russian Officer on Poland, the Austrian Domains, Prussia and France; with a detailed description of the Russian campaign against the French in 1805 and 1806, and also the Fatherland and foreign war from 1812 to 1815..." in: A. Herzen, ''Letters from France and Italy, 1847-1851'', University of Pittsburgh Press, 1995, p. 272).〕 and later was reinterpreted as a war for the fatherland, i.e. a defensive war for one's homeland. Sometimes the Patriotic War of 1812 was also referred to as the ''Great Patriotic War'' (''Великая отечественная война''); the phrase first appeared no later than 1844〔It can be found in Vissarion Belinsky's essay "Russian literature in 1843" first printed in magazine Otechestvennye Zapiski, vol. 32 (1844), see page 34 of section 5 "Critics" (each section has its own pagination).〕 and became popular on the eve of the centenary of the Patriotic War of 1812.〔For example, several books had the phrase in their titles, as: П. Ниве, ''Великая Отечественная война. 1812 годъ'', М., 1912; И. Савостинъ, ''Великая Отечественная война. Къ 100-лѣтнему юбилею. 1812—1912 г.'', М., 1911; П. М. Андріановъ, ''Великая Отечественная война. (1812) По поводу 100-лѣтняго юбилея'', Спб., 1912.〕 After 1914, the phrase was applied to World War I.〔 It was the name of a special war-time appendix to the magazine ''Theater and Life'' (''Театр и жизнь'') in Saint Petersburg, and referred to the Eastern Front of World War I, where Russia fought against the German Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire.〔 The phrases ''Second Patriotic War'' (''Вторая отечественная война'') and ''Great World Patriotic War'' (''Великая всемирная отечественная война'') were also used during World War I in Russia.〔 The term ''Great Patriotic War'' re-appeared in the Soviet newspaper ''Pravda'' on 23 June 1941, just a day after Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union. It was found in the title of "The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet People" (''Velikaya Otechestvennaya voyna sovetskogo naroda''), a long article by Yemelyan Yaroslavsky, a member of Pravda editors' collegium.〔(The dictionary of modern citations and catch phrases ) by K. V. Dushenko, 2006. 〕 The phrase was intended to motivate the population to defend the Soviet fatherland and to expel the invader, and a reference to the Patriotic War of 1812 was seen as a great morale booster. The term ''Отечественная война'' (Patriotic War or Fatherland War) was officially recognized by establishment of the Order of the Patriotic War on 20 May 1942, awarded for heroic deeds. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Great Patriotic War (term)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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